Briefly highlighting some unseen evidence of two comorbid COVID-19 patients
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
In recent years, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. Comorbidities have negatively impacted the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This case report discusses the data of two deceased individuals with COVID-19 and pre-history of chronic infections in Pakistan. COVID-19 positivity of the patients was based on RT-PCR at early hospitalization. Similarly, the patients were undergone through the chest X-ray, which exposed COVID-19 pneumonia with left lung effusion. All laboratory parameters including hematologic (e.g., total leucocyte count and hematocrit) and inflammatory biomarkers (e.g., C-reactive protein, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin clotting time, D-dimer and serum ferritin) of the deceased candidates were highly abnormal on day one onward. Septic shock, neutrophilia, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia and leukocytosis were evident in both cases. Despite giving full-fledged treatments, patients conditions deteriorated rapidly, retaining CO2 with low oxygen saturation. Blood pressure and oxygen saturation markedly dropped and turned to cardiopulmonary arrest at the final stages in each case. These findings confirm the impact of comorbidities on COVID-19 severity, based on remarkable changes in laboratory parameters. Current report suggests extensive monitoring of COVID-19 comorbid individuals to reduce morbidity and mortality.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Marušić J, Hasković E, Mujezinović A, Dido V. Correlation of pre-existing comorbidities with disease severity in individuals infected with SARS-COV-2 virus. BMC Public Health. 2024 Apr 24:1053. doi: 10.1186/s12889-024-18457-2.
COVID-19 cases | WHO COVID-19 dashboard. Date accessed: 13/06/2024. Available from: https://data.who.int/dashboards/covid19/cases?n=c.
Chatterjee S, Nalla LV, Sharma M, Sharma N, Singh AA, Malim FM, Ghatage M, Mukarram M, Pawar A, Parihar N, Arya N, Khairnar, A. Association of COVID-19 with comorbidities: An update. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci. 2023 Feb 6(3):334-354. doi: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00181.
Hussain M, Samar Iltaf Sr, Salma Salman Sr, Ghuman F, Abbas S, Fatima M. Frequency of Comorbidities in Admitting COVID-19 Pneumonia patients in a tertiary care setup: An observational study. Cureus. 2021 Feb 25;13(2):e13546. doi: 10.7759/cureus.13546
Baral B, Saini V, Kandpal M, Kundu P, Dixit AK, Parmar HS, Menna AK, Trivedi P, Jha HC. The interplay of co-infections in shaping COVID-19 severity: expanding the scope beyond SARS-CoV-2. J Infect Public Health. 2024 Aug 17 (8) 102486. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2024.102486.
Russell CD, Lone NI, Baillie JK. Comorbidities, multimorbidity and COVID-19. Nat Med 2023 Feb 29:334–343. doi: 10.1038/s41591-022-02156-9.
Santos NCD, Miravitlles M, Camelier AA, Almeida VDC, Maciel RRBT, Camelier FWR. Prevalence and impact of comor-bidities in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review. Tuberc Respir Dis. 2022 Jul;85(3):205-220. doi: 10.4046/trd.2021.0179.
Morrow RL, Binka M, Li J, Irvine M, Bartlett SR, Wong S, Jeong D, Makuza JD, Wong J, Yu A, Krajden M, Janjua NZ. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hepatitis C treatment initiation in British Columbia, Canada: An interrupted time series study. Viruses. 2024 Apr;16(5):655. doi: 10.3390/v16050655.
Afify S, Eysa B, Hamid FA, Abo-Elazm OM, Edris MA, Maher R, Abdelhalim A, Abdel Ghaffar MM, Omran DA, Shousha HI. Survival and outcomes for co-infection of chronic hepatitis C with and without cirrhosis and COVID-19: A multicenter ret-rospective study. World J Gastroenterol. 2021 Nov 11;27(42):7362-7375. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i42.7362
Abdullah, Salman M, Muhammad R, Ali S, Attaullah, Khan M. Impact of laboratory biomarkers on COVID-19 severity: First cross-sectional study in a remote area of Pakistan. Glob J Med Pharm Biomed Update. 2024 Jun 10;19:6. doi: 10.25259/GJMPBU_79_2023.
Mirzaie H, Vahidi M, Shokoohi M, Darvishian M, Sharifi H, Sharafi H, Karamouzian M, Karamouzian. COVID-19 among patients with hepatitis B or hepatitis C: A systematic review. Hepat Mon. 2020 Dec 20(11); e111617. doi: 10.5812/hepatmon.111617.
Kulkarni A V., Kumar P, Tevethia HV, Premkumar M, Arab JP, Candia R, Talukdar R, Sharma M, Qi X, Rao PN, Reddy DN. Systematic review with meta-analysis: liver manifestations and outcomes in COVID-19. Aliment Pharmacol. 2020 Aug 1;52(4):584–99. doi: 10.1111/apt.15916.
Cerbu B, Pantea S, Bratosin F, Vidican I, Turaiche M, Frent S, Borsi E, Marincu I. Liver impairment and hematological changes in patients with chronic hepatitis C and COVID-19: A retrospective study after one year of pandemic. Medicina. 2021 Jun 10;57(6):597. doi: 10.3390/medicina57060597.
Xu XW, Wu XX, Jiang XG, Xu KJ, Ying LJ, Ma CL, Li SB, Wang HY, Zhang S, Gao HN, Sheng JF, Cai HL, Qiu YQ, Li LJ. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series. BMJ. 2020 Feb 19;368. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m606.
Teimury A, Khameneh MT, Khaledi EM. Major coagulation disorders and parameters in COVID-19 patients. Eur J Med Res. 2022 Dec 1;27(1):1–10. doi: 10.1186/s40001-022-00655-6.
Niu J, Sareli C, Sareli A. 514. Clinical features and outcomes of 112 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infections requiring intensive care in a public healthcare system in South Florida. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020 Dec 31;7(Suppl 1):S323. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.708.
Zuwala-Jagiello J, Murawska-Cialowicz E, Pazgan-Simon M. Increased circulating advanced oxidation protein products and high-sensitive troponin T in cirrhotic patients with chronic hepatitis C: A preliminary report. Biomed Res Int. 2015 Jan 1;2015(1):786570. doi: 10.1155/2015/786570.
Iepsen UW, Plovsing RR, Tjelle K, Foss NB, Meyhoff CS, Ryrsø CK, Berg RMG, Secher NH. The role of lactate in sepsis and COVID-19: Perspective from contracting skeletal muscle metabolism. Exp Physiol. 2022 Jul 1;107(7):665–73. doi: 10.1113/EP089474.
Matsumori A, Shimada T, Chapman NM, Tracy SM, Mason JW. Myocarditis and heart failure associated with hepatitis C virus infection. J Card Fail. 2006 May 1;12(4):293–8. doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2005.11.004.
Pecly IMD, Azevedo RB, Muxfeldt ES, Botelho BG, Albuquerque GG, Diniz PHP, et al.. A review of Covid-19 and acute kidney injury: from pathophysiology to clinical results. Braz J Nephrol. 2021 Oct;43(4):551–571. doi: 10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2020-0204.
Najera H, Ortega-Avila AG. Health and institutional risk factors of COVID-19 mortality in Mexico, 2020. Am J Prev Med. 2021 Apr 1;60(4):471–7. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.10.015.
Rahman MM, Hasan M, Ahmed A. potential detrimental role of soluble ACE2 in severe COVID-19 comorbid patients. Rev Med Virol. 2021 Sep 1;31(5):1–12. doi: 10.1002/rmv.2213.
Targher G, Mantovani A, Wang XB, Yan HD, Sun QF, Pan KH, Byrne CD, Zheng KI, Chen YP, Eslam M, George J, Zheng MH. Patients with diabetes are at higher risk for severe illness from COVID-19. Diabetes Metab. 2020 Sep 1;46(4):335. doi: 10.1016/j.diabet.2020.05.001.
Long H, Nie L, Xiang X, Li H, Zhang X, Fu X, Ren H, Liu W, Wang Q, Wu Q. D-Dimer and Prothrombin time are the significant indicators of severe COVID-19 and poor prognosis. Biomed Res Int. 2020 Jan 1;2020(1):6159720. doi: 10.1155/2020/6159720.
Tugba Bozkurt F, Tercan M, Patmano G, Bingol Tanrıverdi T, Avni Demir H, Fahri Yurekli U. Can ferritin levels predict the severity of illness in patients with COVID-19? 2021;13(1) doi: 10.7759/cureus.12832.
Hertanto DM, Sutanto H, Adi S. Case Report: Diabetic nephropathy aggravates the progression and prognosis of COVID-19-associated acute limb ischemia. F1000Res. 2021;10. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.54193.2.
Mirjalili H, Dastgheib SA, Shaker SH, Bahrami R, Mazaheri M, Sadr-Bafghi SMH, Sadeghizadeh-Yazdi J, Neamatzadeh H. Proportion and mortality of Iranian diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, hypertension and cardiovascular disease pa-tients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2021 Jun 1;20(1):905–17. doi: 10.1007/s40200-021-00768-5.