Brazilian Journal of Case Reports

Alternative Method for Airway Approach in Anesthesia of a Newborn with Occipital Encephalocele

2024-08-25T14:42:14+00:00

High-Grade Cutaneous Fibrosarcoma

2024-09-26T10:52:46+00:00

Eagle's Syndrome: from Diagnosis to Treatment

2024-10-01T12:04:47+00:00

Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma of the mycosis fungoides type: report of case series

2024-05-19T10:11:00+00:00

Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas represent a heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative diseases characterized by skin infiltration by mature malignant T cells. More than 40% of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas are represented by mycosis fungoides. As they present non-specific cutaneous manifestations, they are often underdiagnosed. This article reports four cases of mycosis fungoides with different subtypes treated by a multidisciplinary team, highlighting aspects related to clinical heterogeneity and diagnostic, therapeutic and differential diagnostic challenges, followed by a brief review of the literature. The cases described demonstrate the heterogeneity of cutaneous and systemic clinical signs, with presentations that present a significant diagnostic challenge due to other diseases with similar manifestations, especially for non-specialist physicians in basic healthcare units. Mycosis fungoides continues to be a problematic diagnosis, as the cases described had varied presentations and numerous inconclusive biopsies. Low clinical suspicion and technical limitations in the analysis of biopsies of skin lesions were the main factors implicated. It is hoped that this series of cases will bring a better understanding of the diagnostic aspects of this disease.

Osseointegration of a displaced dental implant in the maxillary sinus: a 7-year follow-up case report

2023-11-11T18:48:10+00:00

Foreign bodies into the maxillary sinus are rarely mentioned in literature. Many of them might be asymptomatic and an inadequate planning of the case or an unskilled professional can easily lead a dental implant into the maxillary sinus in a poor bone situation. We aim to present and discuss what is to our knowledge the first case and the management of a dental implant that has osseointegrated inside the maxillary sinus after its displacement. A patient had a dental implant placed immediately after upper molar extraction, but at the end of the procedure it was displaced into the sinus during healing cap adaptation. Images exams done after 1 day, 24 months, 36, and 84 months demonstrated a healthy maxillary sinus with the implant osseointegrated at the same site since its migration, surrounded and filled by mature bone. Due to an asymptomatic patient the removal of the implant is not planned until now.

Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis: An Uncommon Form of Pyelonephritis Highlighted in a Case Report

2024-04-25T19:01:30+00:00

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is a rare and aggressive variant of pyelonephritis, characterized by chronic granulomatous inflammation that progresses to destruction of the renal parenchyma and renal failure. Early diagnosis is a challenge. We present the case of a 7-year-old girl with high fever, associated with low back pain, anorexia and vomiting for 30 days. After antibiotic therapy, radical nephrectomy was required for definitive treatment. Due to its rare and aggressive nature, which often leads to the loss of the affected kidney, it is essential to alert healthcare professionals about the importance of early diagnosis to prevent disease progression and improve the patient's prognosis. We will use a case report to explore the clinical, radiological and pathological aspects related to xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis.

Pylephlebitis with Bacteremia from a Rare Bacterium: A Case Report of Septic Mesenteric-Portal Thrombophlebitis Associated with Acute Diverticulitis

2024-05-06T16:11:07+00:00

Pylephlebitis, defined as septic thrombophlebitis of the portal vein, is a rare complication of intra-abdominal infections, particularly appendicitis and diverticulitis. Prompt diagnosis through laboratory tests and imaging, and the early institution of antibiotic therapy, with or without anticoagulation, considerably improve the prognosis. The authors present an atypical case of pylephlebitis associated with uncomplicated acute diverticulitis, with the isolation of a rare bacterium in peripheral blood, Sutterella wadsworthensis.

A case of facial vein rupture induced by coughing

2024-06-06T16:46:22+00:00

Peritonsillar abscess, deep neck infection, epiglottitis, laryngeal edema, and upper airway foreign bodies are frequently encountered emergencies in otolaryngology wards. In contrast, spontaneous vascular rupture in the neck is rare. A 57-year-old man visited our hospital with left neck pain and sudden onset of submandibular neck swelling after coughing. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed a poorly enhanced mass lesion located at the left upper neck. The most prominent swelling was observed around the facial vein. Exploration of the left mass lesion under general anesthesia was performed. A perforation and gusher were found at the branch of the left common facial vein. The perforation was ligated on both the central and peripheral sides. The rupture of the facial vein was presumed to be idiopathic, possibly caused by coughing. No evidence suggestive of vasculitis syndrome, hereditary predisposition, or symptoms indicating vascular fragility were found. We report the first case report of facial vein rupture possibly induced by coughing with massive swelling on the neck and oral floor. To prevent potential complications, such as airway stenosis due to neck swelling and the risk of hemorrhagic shock, it was necessary to promptly perform imaging diagnostics and surgical intervention to achieve hemostasis and remove the hematoma.

A case of a rare autoimmune disease: Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease

2024-04-25T19:05:00+00:00

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease is a rare autoimmune disorder. It is exceptional in black sub-Saharan Africans. A 27-year-old dermatology patient with progressive segmental vitiligo associated with bilateral visual acuity loss, headache, and hearing loss. Hypocromic macules were noted extending to the inner surface of the upper lip and to the right jugal region. Examination of the skin revealed poliosis of the moustache and scalp. Slit-lamp inspection revealed numerous corneal keratic precipitates. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed chorioretinitis scarring in the right eye and macular and papillary atrophy in the left. Tone luminance audiometry revealed a 1st degree major hearing loss of the bilateral mixed type. We made the diagnosis of VKH syndrome. The patient received a bolus of methylprednisolone followed by prednisone. VKH disease is not common in sub-Saharan Africa. It is essential to consider this disease in all cases of segmental vitiligo.

Trapdoor Fracture in a Child Following a Domestic Accident: Case Report

2024-06-26T23:40:47+00:00

The trapdoor fracture is a subtype of orbital fracture and is considered a rare condition that occurs primarily in children and adolescents. The treatment consists of surgery to access and remove the trapped tissue in the floor of the orbit that prevents the movement of the eyes on the affected side. The aim of this article is to present a case of a trapdoor fracture in a 4-year-old child who suffered a domestic accident and underwent surgery under general anesthesia to release the muscles trapped in the orbital floor. The postoperative outcome was considered excellent, with complete recovery of visual and aesthetic functions, without the need for reconstruction of the fractured region with any type of fixation material.

Spontaneous Coronary Dissection in Late Puerperium: Now What? A Case Report

2024-06-21T15:05:29+00:00

Spontaneous coronary dissection is an infrequent cause of non-atherosclerotic or iatrogenic acute coronary syndrome, predominantly diagnosed in women under 50 years old during their reproductive phase, usually without associated cardiovascular risk factors. Various factors underlie its occurrence, ranging from connective tissue diseases to intense emotional stress, with fibromuscular dysplasia being a commonly associated nosological entity. Coronary angiography is the preferred diagnostic examination, and a conservative strategy is frequently recommended, especially in stable contexts. Invasive strategies, such as surgical revascularization or percutaneous coronary intervention, are reserved for more complex clinical situations involving severe arrhythmias or dissections involving the left coronary artery trunk, among others. We present the case of a postpartum woman with no known cardiovascular risk factors, diagnosed with spontaneous coronary dissection in the late puerperium of a twin pregnancy, resulting in a fatal outcome.

Infectious Cervical Pneumorachis with a Fatal Outcome: A Case Report

2024-06-26T23:42:59+00:00

Pneumorachis is the presence of gas in the spinal canal. It is usually a result of trauma or iatrogenic, where it is usually asympomatic and is managed conservatively. However, pneumorachis due to gangrenous inflammation in vicinity is extremely rare and may be considered a sign of poor outcome. Necrotizing soft tissue infections are fulminant and life-threatening entity. In contrast to the localized deep neck infections, they spread swiftly, invading adjacent areas. We present a rare case of retropharyngeal necrotizing infection with involvement of the spinal canal and pneumorachis that has not been published before.

Clinical Case Report: Secondary syphilis in a child with no history of sexual abuse

2024-06-21T14:34:15+00:00

This pediatric case report details the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of secondary syphilis in a six-year-old child presenting with oral lesions and perianal condyloma lata. The diagnosis was confirmed through the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test, and successful treatment was achieved with benzathine penicillin. The case presented significant diagnostic complexities, necessitating the evaluation of three potential transmission routes: late congenital syphilis, sexual abuse, and non-sexual transmission. Late congenital syphilis was excluded based on the absence of typical symptoms such as bone and dental abnormalities and neurosensorial deafness. Sexual abuse was thoroughly investigated and ruled out following an extensive four-month evaluation by a multidisciplinary team comprising a psychologist, nurse, social worker, and pediatric infectious disease specialist. Ultimately, non-sexual transmission, likely from an untreated family member, emerged as the most plausible cause, supported by the observation of overcrowded living conditions and inadequate hygiene practices in the child's environment. This case underscores the necessity of comprehensive diagnostic evaluations, including consideration of all possible transmission routes, in managing pediatric syphilis. Public health interventions focusing on improving living conditions and hygiene practices are essential to prevent similar cases.

Effectiveness of the Therasuit Method in the Management of Chronic Non-evolving Encephalopathy: Case Report in Pediatrics

2024-07-04T16:35:50+00:00

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a non-progressive neurological condition that affects motor and postural ability, resulting from a static brain lesion. Early and intensive physical therapy intervention can promote significant improvements in the functionality and quality of life of affected individuals. To report the case of a girl with GMFCS level IV spastic quadriparesis, highlighting the clinical evolution and benefits of an intensive physicaltherapy approach from the first months of life. A female patient diagnosed with cerebral palsy started physiotherapy at three months of age, with an intervention plan that included sessions two to five times a week. Gross motor function was assessed using the GMFM scale, as well as qualitative analysis of videos and progress records. The patient showed significant improvements in her motor skills, including the ability to crawl, sit without support, and transfer positions independently. The patient's case report illustrates the positive impact of early and intensive physiotherapeutic intervention in children with cerebral palsy. This case underlines the importance of continued follow-up adapted to individual needs, emphasizing the capacity for neuroplasticity and the functional improvement that can be achieved, reinforcing the need for personalized and intensive treatment strategies to maximize developmental potential in patients with CP.

Malignant Rhabdoid Tumor of the Kidney in an 11-Month-Old Child: Case Report and Literature Review

2024-06-27T00:58:01+00:00

Malignant renal tumors represent about 6% of childhood tumors, with rhabdoid tumors (RT) being rare, accounting for approximately 2% of pediatric renal tumors. These tumors are notoriously aggressive, with a five-year survival rate of only 22%, and are often diagnosed at a metastatic stage. RT is associated with mutations in the SMARCB1 gene, but recent studies have identified relevant epigenetic characteristics. Treatment approaches include radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery. Despite significant advancements in understanding these tumors in recent years, RT still presents considerable challenges in terms of treatment and prognosis, which remains poor. This case describes an atypical presentation of invasion and tumor expansion in a rare pediatric renal tumor, resulting in alterations in the patient's venous drainage, a condition that has not been previously documented in the literature.

Acute Obstructive Abdomen Due to Gallstone Ileus: Case Report and Literature Review

2024-07-04T16:34:31+00:00

Gallstone Ileus is a rare complication of cholelithiasis and one of the rarest forms of mechanical intestinal obstruction. It occurs in 0.3% to 0.5% of patients with cholelithiasis and is responsible for 1% to 4% of cases of mechanical obstruction. It is caused by the impaction of gallstones in the gastrointestinal tract after passing through biliary-enteric fistulas. The diagnosis is often delayed or missed due to the non-specificity of symptoms, leading to a reserved prognosis with high mortality and morbidity rates. Although the treatment and management of gallstone ileus remain controversial, the primary therapeutic goal is the extraction of the stone through a surgical approach. This case aims to describe a rare instance of intestinal obstruction due to gallstone ileus, where the stone was eliminated with clinical measures combined with surgery to correct a choledochoduodenal fistula.

Multiple endocrinopathies acquired using a checkpoint inhibitor - Pembrolizumab: A Case Report

2024-04-25T19:03:22+00:00

Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has been increasingly employed for the treatment of many malignancies, and endocrinopathies are one of their most frequent side effects. This case report describes a 70-year-old man who faced many endocrinopathies (primary hypothyroidism, secondary adrenal insufficiency, and diabetes mellitus) after initiation of immunotherapy with an ICI (pembrolizumab) for treatment of urothelial bladder cancer. We discuss the prevalence, physiopathology, screening, and diagnosis of each of these abnormalities. Clinicians need to be aware of these endocrine complications of ICI therapy and be ready for early diagnosis and appropriate management.

Briefly highlighting some unseen evidence of two comorbid COVID-19 patients

2024-06-26T23:44:38+00:00

In recent years, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. Comorbidities have negatively impacted the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This case report discusses the data of two deceased individuals with COVID-19 and pre-history of chronic infections in Pakistan. COVID-19 positivity of the patients was based on RT-PCR at early hospitalization. Similarly, the patients were undergone through the chest X-ray, which exposed COVID-19 pneumonia with left lung effusion. All laboratory parameters including hematologic (e.g., total leucocyte count and hematocrit) and inflammatory biomarkers (e.g., C-reactive protein, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin clotting time, D-dimer and serum ferritin) of the deceased candidates were highly abnormal on day one onward. Septic shock, neutrophilia, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia and leukocytosis were evident in both cases. Despite giving full-fledged treatments, patients conditions deteriorated rapidly, retaining CO2 with low oxygen saturation. Blood pressure and oxygen saturation markedly dropped and turned to cardiopulmonary arrest at the final stages in each case. These findings confirm the impact of comorbidities on COVID-19 severity, based on remarkable changes in laboratory parameters. Current report suggests extensive monitoring of COVID-19 comorbid individuals to reduce morbidity and mortality.

Colorectal anastomosis dehiscence - a solution with quality of life – Case Report

2024-07-16T15:13:13+00:00

Rectal cancer is the fifth most frequent neoplasm in both sexes in Portugal. Anterior rectal resection has become the gold standard in the treatment of this condition and surgical treatment is the only cure. The rate of low rectal anastomotic leak (AL) is approximately 10% of all ALs in colorectal surgery. Management of AL is variable and could be challenging. Endo-SPONGE (a type of endoscopic vacuum therapy (EVT)) has been applied in the management of ALs after colorectal surgery. In the literature, EVT has been shown to accelerate wound healing by increasing local blood flow, reducing bacterial load and stimulating the growth of granulation tissue; it has the advantages of being less invasive than surgery, reducing hospital stay time and reducing the risk of complications; however, it can present some risks such as bleeding, infection, intestinal perforation and intestinal obstruction. In this paper, we describe EVT as a method for treating AL after rectal resection that appears to be a minimally invasive, safe and effective treatment modality for patients with a significant colorectal leak without any generalized peritonitis with high clinical and technical success rates.

Pancreatobiliary diseases in a patient with spontaneous perforation of duodenal diverticulum: a case report

2024-06-26T23:47:14+00:00

Duodenal diverticula are most found in the second portion of the duodenum. They may be associated with pancreatobiliary diseases, such as choledocholithiasis and acute pancreatitis, though the understanding of this relationship remains limited. Other complications, such as spontaneous perforation of these diverticula, are rare and severe, often requiring surgical intervention and carrying high morbidity and mortality rates. In this article, we review the literature on this topic and describe the case of a patient with biliary acute pancreatitis and choledocholithiasis associated with retroperitoneal air due to duodenal diverticulum perforation. The patient was managed with conservative treatment for the perforation and clinical management of the pancreatitis, followed by endoscopic treatment of the choledocholithiasis.

Hand Rejuvenation with Novel Calcium Hydroxyapatite Dermal Filler (Stiim): a Case Report

2024-06-27T00:58:32+00:00

The report investigates hand rejuvenation using a novel dermal filler based on calcium hydroxyapatite. Hands undergo aging due to environmental factors and age-related changes. We present a case report of a patient who received applications of the product on the dorsum of the hand, exhibiting visible improvement in volume and reduced visibility of veins and tendons. Aesthetic evaluation indicates a 'very much improved' outcome, both for the physician and the patient. This report highlights the promising application of the novel dermal filler for hand rejuvenation.

Liver Abscess Secondary to Duodenal Perforation After Fishbone Ingestion: A Case Report

2024-08-16T13:34:35+00:00

Even though ingestion of a foreign body is a common situation in the emergency department, the complications of a perforation of the gastrointestinal tract that develops into a liver abscess are rare. Early suspicion and diagnosis lead to lower morbidity and mortality. This case involves a 63-year-old man who had a history of swallowing a fish bone, followed by abdominal pain, fever and vomiting. The diagnosis of liver abscess due to possible perforation of the duodenum was made on abdominal tomographic imaging. Far from removal, the usual treatment for foreign bodies in the gastrointestinal tract, the decision was made in this case to leave the stent in situ, combined with transhepatic percutaneous drainage of the abscess and endovenous antibiotics. The patient developed well with early discharge from hospital and outpatient follow-up care.

Test With Oral Administration of Clomiphene May Add to Differential Diagnosis of Severe Hyperandrogenism in Postmenopausal Women - A Case Report

2024-03-21T20:50:57+00:00

A 62-year-old female patient, in menopause since the age of 47, presented with severe and virilizing hyperandrogenism condition that had been progressing for 10 years, with plasma testosterone levels above 500 ng/dL. Medical history included Cushing 's disease in remission since hypophysectomy in 2014 and obesity. On imaging tests, there was an adenoma in the left adrenal gland with normal ovaries. Serum DHEA-sulfate concentrations, however, were normal and pelvic ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging showed no ovarian lesions. Given the etiological doubt of hyperandrogenism, ovarian or adrenal, an additional test was necessary. However, serum gonadotropin concentrations were low, preventing testing with a GnRH analogue. A test was carried out with Clomiphene - a selective estrogen receptor modulator that stimulates the secretion of gonadotropins - at a dose of 50 mg/day orally for 5 days. Serum testosterone concentrations increased from 670 ng/dL, pre-use, to 893 ng/dL post-use, suggesting ovarian origin. The patient underwent bilateral oophorectomy and a Leydig cell tumor was confirmed. Therefore, we suggest that in women with hyperandrogenism of undefined origin, with suppressed concentrations of plasma gonadotropins, a clomiphene administration test be performed. The significant increase in plasma testosterone concentrations is indicative of the ovarian origin of the condition.

Primary T-Cell Lymphoma of the Prostate in a Dog – Case Report

2024-08-25T14:47:48+00:00

The prostate gland is considered an accessory sexual organ of the male reproductive system which in dogs can vary in size influenced by age, weight and breed. The most frequent anomalies found in the canine prostate are due to Benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis, abscesses, prostatic and paraprostatic cysts, squamous metaplasia and prostate neoplasia in adult and geriatric dogs. Prostate lymphoma, unlike some neoplasms, is not routinely seen. An abnormal prostate is presumptively diagnosed based on the patient’s history and clinical signs, blood markers and abnormal anatomical outline detected on palpation and imaging. The present report describes the case of a 13-year-old male, 26 kg, intact dog, referred to the Centro Universitário Barão de Mauá Veterinary Campus manifesting dysuria and diagnosed with primary prostatic lymphoma.

Obstructive Jaundice Due to Hydatid Cyst: Case Report

2024-09-25T20:08:42+00:00

Hydatid cyst is a parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus, common in endemic regions and characterized by the development of cysts in the liver or lungs. This report describes the case of a 25-year-old patient from a rural area in southern Brazil who presented with obstructive jaundice caused by a large hepatic hydatid cyst. The diagnosis was confirmed through imaging exams (MR cholangiography) and serology. Treatment consisted of albendazole administration followed by successful surgical excision of the cyst, with no complications. The patient showed positive progress and was discharged on the tenth postoperative day. This case underscores the importance of early diagnosis and proper management of hydatidosis, as well as the need for control strategies in endemic areas.

Septic Shock Caused by Aeromonas veronii in a Patient with Chronic Liver Disease: a Case Report

2024-08-18T14:22:08+00:00

Aeromonas species are gram-negative bacilli found in freshwater or brackish water. This infection is acquired in the community through the consumption of contaminated water and food, as well as through traumatic wounds in contact with contaminated soil or water. A 44-year-old man, with a history of chronic liver disease and significant alcohol consumption, was brought to the Emergency Department (ED) with complaints of nausea and food-related vomiting, associated with jaundice, fever, and night sweats for 5-6 days, as well as epistaxis. He denied other complaints. A few days prior, he had gone fishing and, on physical examination, presented with multiple cuts on both feet. Laboratory tests revealed hematological, renal, and hepatic dysfunction. Microbiological screening showed positive blood and urine cultures for Aeromonas veronii. The patient was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with septic shock and multiorgan dysfunction, progressing to refractory septic shock, and eventually passed away. Aeromonas veronii bacteremia was associated with gastrointestinal symptoms, such as abdominal pain, presented by the patient. Sepsis caused by this bacterium is more frequent in immunocompromised patients, such as those with chronic liver disease, and is associated with a higher mortality rate.

Glomus Tumor in the Tracheal Region: Case Report

2024-09-25T20:21:37+00:00

This report presents a rare case of a glomus tumor in the mediastinal trachea. A 53-year-old man with tracheal stenosis underwent invasive procedures until the discovery of a benign tracheal lesion in the form of a glomus tumor. Diagnosis was made through bronchoscopy and chest tomography, and the patient was treated surgically with bronchoscopy and cryoablation. After recurrence, a mediastinal tracheoplasty was performed. In addition to the rarity of this type of tracheal lesion, we found it important to report this case, as remembering glomus tumor in benign lesions may assist the medical community involved in treating this condition in making the correct therapeutic decisions for this surgical pathology.

Bispectral analysis in a patient scheduled for thoracic aortic aneurism surgery: spurious values?

2024-07-04T15:38:28+00:00

Bisspectral analysis (BIS®) may be the most used way to measure the depth of anesthesia. As a simple device, the monitor can show doctors values captured by a sensor attached to the patient's forehead. These values vary from zero (very deep anesthesia) to 100 (awake patient). Ideally, BIS® should be between 40 and 60 during general anesthesia, but spurious values have been described in some articles, and in this case report, we show a situation that may never been reported in the literature.

Bilateral Comminuted Mandibular Fracture Caused by Gunshot Wound: Case Report Using Prototyping to Assist Surgical Planning

2024-10-07T11:34:04+00:00

The mandible is one of the facial bones most frequently affected in maxillofacial trauma, and firearm projectiles have shown an increase in incidence among the etiological factors of these fractures. Choosing the optimal timing for surgical intervention is challenging, given the degree of bone comminution and the potential complications that these fractures can present. This paper reports the case of a 36-year-old male patient, with poorly controlled diabetes, admitted to an intensive care unit in a municipal tertiary hospital of the public network in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, as a victim of multiple gunshot wounds. Facial computed tomography showed a comminuted bilateral mandibular body fracture with the presence of metallic structures compatible with projectile fragments. The treatment plan was staged in two surgical phases, beginning with surgical debridement and maxillomandibular fixation. Next, pre-molded 2.4 mm reconstruction plates were installed on a 3D-printed prototype. The patient progressed without complications or clinical complaints and remained under clinical and radiographic follow-up during the postoperative period. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of three-dimensional prototypes for pre-molding reconstruction plates is an excellent tool for achieving proper plate adaptability to the bone profile and for reducing intraoperative time.

Tamoxifen Retinopathy. An Uncommon but Serious Complication: Case Report

2024-10-07T13:34:01+00:00

Tamoxifen is a selective estrogen receptor modulator most widely used in the treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancer. We describe a case of a 51-year-old woman treated with tamoxifen for 4 years who had gradual diminution of vision in both eyes of three months duration. On examination, visual acuity was 20/40 in the right eye and 20/50 in the left eye. A fundus examination revealed bilateral symmetric crystalline deposits in the macula. There were characteristic structural changes on spectral domain-optical coherence tomography, including abnormalities of the ellipsoid zone and outer nuclear layer. Subsequently, tamoxifen was switched to anastrozole. Despite cessation of tamoxifen, her vision did not improve. The clinical presentation of tamoxifen retinopathy is discussed, along with the importance of regular ophthalmic examination for individuals receiving tamoxifen, even in low doses.

Freiberg’s Infraction in the Context of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

2024-10-11T12:07:33+00:00

Freiberg disease is a rare but clinically significant form of osteonecrosis that can affect the heads of all metatarsal bones, with a particular tendency to involve the second metatarsal. This disease was first identified in 1914, when Alfred Freiberg reported cases of infraction in the second metatarsal head. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the cause of the disease, with the most widely accepted being microtrauma, vascular insufficiency, and systemic diseases. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), diabetes mellitus and hypercoagulability are the diseases most frequently cited as contributing to Freiberg’s disease. This report discussed two female patients diagnosed with SLE and presented with pain and swelling in feet, following clinical examination and radiographic evaluation, the patients were diagnosed with Freiberg disease. An orthopedist was consulted, and a multidisciplinary treatment approach was prescribed. Among the osteonecroses associated with SLE, no studies specifically addressing Freiberg's disease have been found in the literature. This case differs from those in the literature as it specifically describes Freiberg infarction in two patients diagnosed with SLE. This rare condition can complicate the course of systemic diseases and diminish patients' quality of life. Early recognition by clinicians and ongoing monitoring may help slow disease progression.

A Case of Quadruple Trouble: SLE's Multi-System Onslaught

2024-09-15T19:52:47+00:00

This case report presents a diagnostic challenge in a 27-year-old Sudanese female with no past medical history who presented to the emergency department with progressive shortness of breath and pleuritic chest pain. Investigations revealed a constellation of findings suggestive of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with serositis, pleuritic chest pain, pericardial effusion, pleural effusion, and positive autoimmune markers. However, the case became further complicated by the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) and the discovery of a fixed inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombosis during her hospitalization. This report highlights the complexities of SLE presentation, particularly the potential for coexisting diagnoses and the importance of a comprehensive diagnostic approach.

Bilateral Extracranial Internal Carotid Artery Dissection: Interventional Management – A Case Report

2024-10-01T13:26:35+00:00

Traumatic internal carotid artery dissection (ICAD), particularly in bilateral cases, is a rare but life-threatening condition that poses diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. The cervical segment of the internal carotid artery (ICA) is especially vulnerable to injury following blunt trauma, often leading to significant neurological sequelae. Despite established guidelines advocating conservative management as the initial approach, the optimal timing and criteria for endovascular intervention remain areas of ongoing investigation. We report the case of a 38-year-old female who presented with bilateral extracranial ICAD following a motor vehicle accident. Initially, the patient exhibited right hemiparesis and aphasia, and imaging confirmed left extracranial ICAD without critical stenosis or pseudoaneurysm formation. Conservative management with dual antiplatelet therapy was guided by imaging findings and risk assessment and led to temporary symptomatic improvement. However, the patient returned on the eighth day with left hemiplegia and loss of consciousness, prompting further imaging that revealed bilateral dissection and right anterior cerebral artery infarction. Given the failure of medical therapy, endovascular stenting was performed, achieving successful revascularization and symptomatic improvement. The management of traumatic ICAD, particularly bilateral cases, necessitates careful risk assessment and timely intervention. Our case highlights the importance of imaging in guiding the decision-making process and balancing conservative versus invasive management strategies. Endovascular stenting, although effective, should be reserved for cases with progressive symptoms or when medical management fails. This report contributes to the limited literature on bilateral traumatic ICAD and underscores the need for further research to establish evidence-based guidelines for the management of such cases. Future studies should compare the outcomes of conservative, surgical, and endovascular interventions to optimize patient care and improve prognostic outcomes.

Aortic Trauma: A Rare Case Report

2024-11-01T16:26:36+00:00

Blunt aortic trauma (BAT) is a rare but critical condition in emergency medicine, with a high mortality rate ranging from 75% to 90%. This trauma typically results from high-energy impacts, such as car accidents, falls from great heights, or severe chest trauma, causing significant damage to the aorta, including lacerations, dissections, intramural hematomas, or even complete aortic rupture. Advanced imaging technologies, such as computed tomography (CT) and transesophageal echocardiography, have recently improved the accuracy of diagnosing aortic injuries, especially in hemodynamically unstable patients. However, the optimal treatment for BAT remains a topic of debate. While endovascular repair is generally preferred due to lower procedural risks and better long-term outcomes, open surgery is still recommended in specific cases, particularly when the injury is extensive or located in critical areas of the aorta, such as the aortic arch. This case report discusses the clinical decisions for a patient with blunt aortic trauma, detailing the choice of open surgery and exploring the challenges of postoperative treatment. Our aim is to contribute to the existing literature by providing insights and recommendations that may assist healthcare professionals in managing similar cases.

Lymphedema due to Podoconiosis in Brazil

2024-10-24T18:52:56+00:00

Podoconiosis is a neglected tropical disease that causes a type of progressive, non-infectious tropical lymphedema. Aim: The aim is reported one case of the one woman that presented always having problems with allergies and “lumps” appeared on the hallux of the right foot; it resembled a callus, which never disappeared and increased in size. The physical exam revealed several hardened nodular lesions in both feet involving the soles. The patient was submitted to intensive treatment for lymphedema using the Godoy Method® for the lower limbs for five days. The nodules were hardened and constant from the beginning. However, intensive treatment led to a reduction in the volume of the lesions, enabling better plantar flexion and extension as well as a gain in ambulation. However, the characteristics of the evolution of the condition, symptoms and the occurrence of nodules on velvety skin with a mossy kept appearance because are characteristics of podoconiosis. Podoconiosis may have other causes beyond those reported in literature, likely related to the exposure of the limb and associated immunological abnormalities.

Alternative Treatment for Iatrogenic Dermatoporosis

2024-10-01T11:35:03+00:00

A healthy 60-year-old female patient, with a history of Quervain's Syndrome, presented with corticosteroid-induced dermatoporosis after receiving intra-articular corticosteroid injections. She experienced skin fragility and aesthetic discomfort due to dermal atrophy and a violaceous macule at the injection site. Treatment with calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHA) biostimulator was initiated, resulting in significant improvements in skin quality and pigmentation. Following two sessions, the patient reported enhanced self-esteem and satisfaction with the treatment outcomes. This case underscores the potential of CaHA as an effective therapeutic option for managing early stages of dermatoporosis.

Neonatal Chlamydial Conjunctivitis

2024-11-01T16:31:52+00:00

Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) during pregnancy can result in serious outcomes, including miscarriage, stillbirth, low birth weight, prematurity, neonatal conjunctivitis, and neonatal pneumonia. Despite these risks, routine screening for CT during pregnancy remains infrequent, limiting the opportunity for timely intervention. This report describes a case of neonatal conjunctivitis due to CT in a 9-day-old infant born vaginally to a 15-year-old primigravida. The infant was presented with purulent discharge, eyelid edema, and pustules on the face and neck. The mother had significant risk factors, including adolescence, multiple sexual partners, and untreated vaginal discharge during pregnancy. The conjunctivitis appeared five days postpartum, with a diagnosis confirmed via real-time PCR from conjunctival scrapings. Treatment with intravenous oxacillin, ceftriaxone, and clarithromycin led to full recovery without the development of pneumonia. This case underscores the need to identify maternal risk factors, such as adolescent age, multiple sexual partners, and untreated vaginal discharge during pregnancy, and highlights the importance of enhancing prenatal screening and implementing routine STI testing to prevent neonatal complications.

Thromboembolectomy in a Patient with Acute Arterial Occlusion in the Lower Limb and Complex Postoperative Evolution: Challenges in Emergency Hospital Practice

2024-11-17T19:56:21+00:00

We report the case of an elderly patient presenting with acute arterial occlusion of the lower limb, diagnosed and treated with emergency thromboembolectomy. The patient experienced postoperative complications, including reperfusion syndrome with acute kidney injury requiring dialysis support, as well as a urinary tract infection treated with antibiotic therapy. The clinical and laboratory evolution was closely monitored, culminating in discharge with recommendations for outpatient follow-up. This case highlights the challenges of managing acute arterial occlusions in elderly patients, focusing on complications associated with the procedure and prolonged hospitalization.

Case report: The use of Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in the Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Severe Leptospirosis

2024-09-19T11:28:32+00:00

Leptospirosis is a globally distributed zoonosis with a clinical spectrum ranging from mild febrile illness to life-threatening disease, that can result in acute kidney injury (AKI) and severe pulmonary complications such as alveolar hemorrhage and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We present the case of a 20-year-old man with fever and respiratory distress, diagnosed with ARDS and AKI. Venovenous (VV), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and sustained low-efficiency daily dialysis (SLED) were initiated. The patient showed significant respiratory improvement after eight days and renal recovery after seventeen days. Leptospirosis serological conversion confirmed the diagnosis. This case highlights the potential of VV ECMO as an effective supportive therapy in severe respiratory failure secondary to leptospirosis. Early recognition and aggressive management, including ECMO and daily dialysis, may enhance outcomes in severe pulmonary leptospirosis.

Anesthetic Management of a Patient with ARC Syndrome - Arthrogryposis, Renal Dysfunction, and Cholestasis: A Case Report

2024-11-01T16:27:28+00:00

ARC Syndrome, characterized by arthrogryposis, renal dysfunction, and cholestasis, is a rare genetic disorder often resulting in early mortality due to complications such as bleeding. This report details the anesthetic management of a 14-year-old male with type 1 ARC Syndrome, scheduled for gastrostomy and incisional hernioplasty due to severe malnutrition. The patient was presented with minor but relevant oral bleeding during surgery and, after receiving desmopressin, platelets transfusion and tranexamic acid, was able to be safely extubated. This case underscores the importance of thorough pre-anesthetic evaluation and tailored management strategies to address unique challenges presented by ARC Syndrome, particularly concerning coagulopathy and airway management. While existing literature on anesthetic approaches for ARC patients is limited, strategies such as desmopressin and tranexamic acid may offer benefits in managing bleeding tendencies, warranting further investigation into their effectiveness in this context.

Femoral Shaft Fracture with Popliteal Artery Injury: A Case Report of a Gunshot Wound

2024-11-17T19:43:22+00:00

This study reports the case of a 28-year-old male patient with a femoral shaft fracture and popliteal artery injury following a gunshot wound. Initial evaluation revealed the absence of pedal pulse and delayed capillary refill, with radiography performed to confirm the fracture and Doppler ultrasound for vascular assessment. The patient had a dynamic condylar screw (DCS) plate installed during a previous surgery, adding complexity to the treatment. Surgical intervention included repair of the femoral artery and vein and popliteal artery anastomosis. This report highlights the importance of early diagnosis, including the use of Doppler ultrasound to detect typical vascular injuries, and a multidisciplinary approach to ensure restored perfusion and prevent postoperative complications.

The Cardiac pathophysiology of Covid-19

2024-11-01T16:34:26+00:00

The heart is a key target organ in SARS-CoV-2 infection. During the illness stage of acute Covid-19, fibrin thrombi frequently form within the coronary microcirculation, including the vasa vasorum. These thrombi are predominantly located in the abluminal spaces, the sites of pericyte location, of the vessel wall, in both the microvascular and epicardial vessels. A hallmark histopathological finding is the presence of diffuse, focal fibrin deposits surrounding myocardial fibres, which exhibit varying degrees of degeneration and atrophy. This process contributes to myocardial injury, which is reflected both biochemically and clinically in the acute and long-term phases of Covid-19. Myocardial fibrosis results from this pathological cascade, without a concurrent cellular inflammatory response associated with the myocardial stromal fibrin deposits. During the convalescent stage of acute Covid-19, focal myocardial fibrosis and the presence of thrombi within myocardial vessels remain apparent but sparse. Vascular changes, such as fibrin thrombi within the cardiac microcirculation, exhibit similarities to those observed in the pulmonary microcirculation in Covid-19.

In Covid-19, the vascular findings of fibrin thrombi deposits within the cardiac micro vascular circulation are like those seen within the pulmonary microcirculation.

Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy in a Black Patient Victim of Facial Burn: A Case Report

2024-11-01T16:30:33+00:00

Burns are injuries resulting from exposure to thermal, chemical, or electrical sources, ranging from small blisters to deep lesions affecting the skin, subcutaneous tissues, tendons, muscles, and bones. Although Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) is widely recognized in the literature as an adjunctive treatment for burns, its application in Black patients remains limited. This case report describes the treatment of a Black patient with facial burns using LLLT with infrared laser (4 Joules per point) and red laser (1 Joule per point), both at a power of 100mW. The results indicated that LLLT is promising, reducing the length of hospital stay, minimizing infections, and improving quality of life, while also providing analgesia, comfort, and accelerating healing. The technique also contributed to aesthetic and functional rehabilitation, enhancing the patient’s self-esteem. However, due to the scarcity of studies in the literature regarding this therapy in Black patients, there is a pressing need for irradiation protocols supported by robust clinical trials, including significant samples that consider the severity of burns, skin color, age, and location of the injuries.

Management of Gunshot-Induced Mandibular Fracture in a Young Patient Using External Fixation: A Case Report

2024-11-01T16:28:26+00:00

The management of gunshot wounds to the face represents a significantly complex challenge due to the need for meticulous surgical interventions. This study aims to report the efficacy of external fixators in treating comminuted mandibular fractures caused by gunshot trauma in a 16-year-old patient. The patient presented to an Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Traumatology service with edema, malocclusion, mandibular mobility, spontaneous pain, oral mucosal laceration, paresthesia in the mandibular region, and multiple entry and exit gunshot wounds on the face. Facial computed tomography revealed a frontal sinus fracture, comminuted mandibular body fracture, left zygomatic arch fracture, and right zygoma fracture, in addition to fragments consistent with firearm projectiles adjacent to the right and left mandible, glabella region, and soft tissues on the left side of the face. Given the patient’s clinical complaints, the proposed treatment involved surgical removal of the projectiles under general anesthesia and the use of an external fixator for mandibular fracture stabilization. The patient progressed without complications or clinical complaints, with follow-up over six months showing bone consolidation, satisfactory occlusion, and no clinical or imaging signs of infection. It is concluded that the use of external fixators in comminuted mandibular fractures is an effective approach, ensuring good recovery, preserving aesthetic and functional outcomes, and minimizing the risk of infections and other complications.

Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma in the Interior of Bahia: A Case Report

2024-11-19T13:42:06+00:00

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a peripheral T-cell neoplasm caused by HTLV-1, most common in endemic regions such as Japan, the Caribbean, and Latin America. This report describes the fatal case of a male patient in the state of Bahia, Brazil. ATLL is an aggressive disease with a poor prognosis, diagnosed by HTLV-1 serology and hematologic analysis. Treatment includes combination chemotherapy and antiretrovirals, but the response is usually unsatisfactory. This case highlights the importance of early diagnosis and targeted treatments. It is essential to develop more effective treatment protocols and longitudinal studies to better understand and manage the disease.

Harnessing the Power of Scientific Research for Societal Progress

2024-06-14T14:15:31+00:00

In an era of rapid technological advancements and complex global challenges, the role of scientific research has never been more critical. Scientific articles are fundamental in disseminating knowledge, guiding policy decisions, and addressing societal issues. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of timely and accessible scientific publications in managing public health crises, underscoring the need for rigorous peer review and interdisciplinary research. Evaluating the societal impact of research requires a multifaceted approach that goes beyond traditional academic metrics, embracing open access and alternative metrics. Effective science communication and teaching young scientists about societal impact are essential for fostering a responsible scientific community. The Brazilian Journal of Case Reports is dedicated to promoting the importance of scientific research and invites authors to contribute.